Since the establishment of the China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies, the standardization of scientific and technological terms has achieved great results for more than 30 years. It played an important role in the development of science and technology. In the new era, the objective environment for terminology work has changed dramatically. It is facing more new challenges and problems. So it’s important to deepen understanding of the nature, tasks and working methods of terminology work.

The purpose of the paper is to rethink the terminology concept from the perspective of terminology studies by examining the definitions of concept as well as the issues related to concept from the disciplines of philosophy and terminology. The research method is the reading of the relevant literature in philosophy plus the terminology concept analysis method to describe the meanings of the concept. After investigating into the concept definitions and the relevant issues in both philosophy and terminology, the paper concludes that concept research in terminology remains the core as well as the starting point of the contemporary diversified terminology theory and practice, and that concept research is determined by the nature and the contents of terminology discipline.

Chinese terms in law refers to legal concept. The unification and standardization of legal terminology is the symbol of the development level of legal discipline. Law as a rule is universally applicable to every member of society. Unity and standardization are the inevitable requirements for adjusting people’s behavioral functions. Therefore, the unification and standardization of Chinese terms in law has more important research value than other disciplines. It is an inevitable requirement for the rule of law to promote the regulation of legal terminology through legislation. This paper focuses on the background and legal basis of the legalization of Chinese terms in law, and provide a more solid theoretical basis and feasible operational methods for the legalization of Chinese terms in law.

The translators’ visualized knowledge-service platform in the domain of automotive engineering is a professional language tool designed for term searching and knowledge acquiring, in whose construction process two tasks are to be completed to build the central function module: the first one is the construction of the automotive engineering knowledge system through terminography and logic-relations building aimed at meeting translators’ demands for bilingual terms and specific knowledge; the second one is the visualization of the knowledge system aimed at improving translators’ knowledge-acquisition efficiency.

With the development of economy and politics, people pay more and more attention to our culture, which has a great impact on all aspects of society. In the field of science and technology, it is self-evident that culture plays an important role in the name of scientific and technological products. This paper first introduces the name of “Kunlong” by means of literature review and investigation, and then analyses the status quo, special cases and naming reflections of scientific and technological products with “Chinese style”.There will be to show the naming characteristics of Chinese style of scientific and technological products and the influence of culture on its development.

Garbage classification is related to the ecological literacy and civilization of countries and cities, and it is an important issue of common concerns all over the world. This paper expounds the terminology and existing problems of garbage classification in China, and sums up the current situation of English translation of garbage classification terminology. In view of the disunity of terminology, confusion and errors in translation on terminology, this paper puts forward some countermeasures from two aspects: local government departments and urban citizen groups. The purpose of this paper is to promote the standardization of garbage classification terminology and their English translation names, and to provide reference for terminology and their translation in other industries.

A methodological approach to Chinese translation of English terms of ecological concepts is presented, which includes: to put the English term for translated in a conceptual cluster with common properties, to identify its scientific context, and to select an appropriate Chinese word for it. Five groups of English terms are taken as examples to show how the approach works.

At present computed tomography(CT) is widely used. However, there are numerous Chinese names of computed tomography, which is not conducive to the spread of science and technology. This paper analyzed 16 Chinese names of computed tomography in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and discussed the different meanings of these Chinese names from different angles.

The official media in our country usually equate “体操”(ticao) with “artistic gymnastics” in sports events, and “艺术体操”(yishuticao) with “rhythmic gymnastics”. From the point of view of language logic, this translation in itself is problematic. The present study demonstrates that to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings, “rhythmic gymnastics” and “artistic gymnastics” had better be rendered into “韵律体操”(yunlvticao) and “艺术体操”(yishuticao) respectively, whether from the perspective of language consistency or from translation practice in the world. The establishment of translated terms by convention is a more of a process than an outcome. To achieve real equivalence of some terms between two languages, the necessity of reestablishment of certain translated terms by convention arises from time to time. When translating core concepts, we must lay emphasis on the logic of language. Both intra-coherence and inter-coherence are to be taken into account.

This paper discusses the translation of professional terms in business translation teaching from the perspective of terminology. This paper briefly introduces the relevant knowledge of terms, probes into the translation of professional terms in business translation, and puts forward that in the teaching of business translation, the techniques of conversion of professional terms, the concepts expressed in terms and the professional knowledge contained in terms should be integrated together. In order to improve the level of business translation teaching and improve students’ business translation ability, it is necessary to integrate the language sign conversion skills of professional terms with the concepts expressed in terms and the professional knowledge contained in terms into business translation teaching.

Although complex discipline names are usual, their semantic differences have received little attention. This paper aims to make semantic categorization of complex discipline names in chemistry-related areas. The results could facilitate deeper understanding of those disciplines, whereas the methodology could be generalized for a wide range of discipline names.

“taiyi” and “yuyi” are two related titles of doctors in ancient China,both of which have more than one meaning.The two terms are often confusing not only in films and teleplays on antiquity but also in academic works.The titles of medical officials varied from dynasty to dynasty in the long history of China.In brief,“yuyi” had long been a general term for doctors exclusive to monarchs,and was a special title only in the Ming and Qing Dynasty;“taiyi” was a general term for court doctors,but was misused as a flattering appellation for ordinary doctors afterwards.

There were many names of steam engines in Chinese in the middle and late 19th century,but most of these names were not used for a long time,and some were short-lived. The Chinese term “zhengqiji”(steam engine)is firstly recorded in William Alexander Parsons Martin’s Zhongxi wenjian lu(Scientific Magazine)in 1875.The term comes from Japanese,but it is no longer useful in Japan. However,the term has been used in China,and has become the standard term refer to this machine.

Image thinking plays an important role in nomenclature of medical terminology. Images of plants, animals,natural phenomena, articles of daily use, and the characters in the Greek and Roman mythology are used to name medical English words, which can enhance their aesthetic perception, interestingness and accuracy and make it easy to understand and memorize them.

A new type of viral pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China in December,2019. On February 11, 2020, WHO named the novel coronavirus disease as COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). On the same day, the novel coronavirus was named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the Coronaviridae Study Group (CSG) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The new name of the virus is not consistent with its disease name and does not completely and truthfully reflect the features of the virus itself, which immediately caused wide concerns and confusion. Based on etiological, epidemiological and clinical data of COVID-19, we propose to name the virus as human coronavirus 2019 (HCoV-19) . The CSG adopted a genome sequence-based method to name 2019-nCoV, which we think is not appropriate for this virus that has caused a distinct disease from SARS caused by SARS-CoV. We suggest that the disease-based method should be employed to name the newly identified human virus that causes a distinct disease.

Based on analysis of the Chinese translation of terms concerned COVID-19, and in according to the professional principle and popular usage principle in terminology, the paper proposes to take “新冠肺炎” (xinguan feiyan) as Chinese translation of term COVID-19.

Since the emergence of COVID-19 epidemic, different scenarios of naming, translation and dissemination of the virus and disease in China and abroad are observed, calling for serious research. This article examines the naming, translation, dissemination and construction of relevant terms based on the procedural characteristics of terminology application and from the perspective of cultural security. The author points out that due to the failure to combine scientific, humanist and linguistic principles in a timely manner, negative dissemination and construction occur in the west, which jeopardizes the cultural security of China. The author suggests that relevant work by language researchers should be done in national interest.

Based on analyses of the current problems existing in the electric power planning and design of terms, relevant standards and meaning using in electric power planning, this paper puts forward the principle of electric power planning and design term code, and introduces the work of current electric power planning and design term code.

In the new era, we should attach importance to the standardization of the military terms reviewing work, so as to reflect the unremitting pursuit, build the military terms quality and serve the war preparedness. In order to do a good job in political, academic and format aspects, we should accurately grasp the political, academic and technical standards of the military term manuscript reviewing work. Moreover, we should strictly follow the reviewing procedures, carefully implement the reviewing contents, scientifically use the reviewing methods, and seriously implement the requirements of the standardization of military terms review.

The design and development of the terminology recognition platform in information technology field is one of the important means for more effective use of term resources. This paper describes the design of Kazakh language terminology recognition platform in the information technology field. Based on the characteristics of the information technology field terminology, the platform analyzes the rules of terminology formation and related terminology identification methods using a conditional random field (CRF) and manual modification method.

Geology as a highly professional and interdisciplinary science, is the basis for human beings to understand the history of the evolution of the earth, exploit deep mineral energy, and carry out geotechnical engineering, whose terminology has distinct characteristics. This paper discusses the characteristics and word-formation of geological terminology and its translation strategies based on English-Chinese Dictionary for Rock Mechanics and Engineering. We hope our results can give some valuable enlightenments regarding translation of geological terminologies.

In order to resolve the problems encountered in the process of translating TCM drug names from Chinese to Arabic, we discussed the strategy for the translation and standardization of TCM drug names. Considering the translation and standardization experience of other languages, we discussed factors that might affect the translation, and put forward the methods adopted to deal with the different relations between Chinese and Arabic drug names. The standardization methods are also discussed in terms of translation model, grammar problems, the site of drugs, the preparation method names related to drug names.

Western medicine terms are professional terms which mostly originated in foreign languages and mainly got into Chinese vocabulary system through transliteration. The characteristics of Chinese, especially the semantic features of Chinese characters, determine that the transliteration of Western medicine terms involves not only phonetic correspondence, different models of transliteration, and the selected Chinese characters play vital roles as well. This paper examines the existing problems on the basis of a discussion about the models of transliteration and the selected Chinese characters of the terms. The data are from the Chinese-English Medical Dictionary published by People’s Medical Publishing House. Moreover, some suggestions are given for the normalization of western medicine terms.

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) at the turn of the year 2019 / 2020 has disrupted the normal work and life of numerous people. In response to the call of the government, vast numbers of health care workers rise to the challenge and fight gallantly against the rampant epidemic. However, the supplies of protective apparel such as N95 respirators and personal protective equipment (PPE) are being stretched to the limit due to the soaring demand for them as the epidemic runs wild. As the terms for such apparel are highly specialized in English, they may cause misunderstanding in our dialogue with overseas counterparts if not properly translated, thus further complicating the already tense supply of medical resources. Focusing on a few commonly used terms, this paper aims to draw attention to the Chinese-English translation in the healthcare sector.

In the history of shipping, empty boats often have to load ballast stones, but it is not only empty boats that load ballast stones. In the interpretation of “yacang shi” in the Modern Chinese Dictionary (7th edition), “empty boats” should be changed to “boats”. Marine solid ballast constitutes a concept system, in which the original meaning of “ballast stone ”and “ballast iron (ballast iron) ”is significantly different in semantic features, usage context and terminology character, in the interpretation of “yacang shi”, the component “cast iron” should be deleted.

Although “World English” “English as a Lingua Franca” and “ English as an International Language” can be all used to talk about the use and status of English in the world, they have different concepts and can not be confused. This paper explores the three linguistics terms on the basis of sociolinguistic theory, and then analyses their connections and differences in order to make the use of terms more standardized.

Western theories about human anatomy and blood circulation began to be introduced into China in the late Ming Dynasty, and the knowledge of heart anatomy was followed. The word “xinfang” in Chinese referring to the heart chambers was first seen in the Quanti Xinlun(Anatomy,1851)by the British missionary Benjamin Hobson,but at that time the word meant the four chambers of the heart. Later,the “xinfang” was transmitted to Japan,i.e.,Shinbō,and its meaning changed, which only refers to the two chambers above the heart,namely atria. The next two chambers,i.e.,ventricles,are referred to in Japanese as Shinshitsu. At the beginning of the 20th century,Shinbō and Shinshitsu in Japanese were introduced into Chinese text.

“Suanxue Mingci Huibian” is the first modern mathematical dictionary in China. After four reviews, more than 80% of the nouns were similar or identical to the current ones. Although these terms were not fully popularized at that time due to financial and personnel constraints, they still had some impact. These nouns are also important reference objects for future generations in the examination and unification of mathematical nouns. The compilation process of “Suanxue Mingci Huibian” also reflects that scientific activities need the support and participation of the government and society.

In modern Chinese, electricity corresponds to the terms of “电” and “电学”. From its initial introduction to being completely accepted, there was a process of accepting its different attributes, such as “amber”, “lightning” and “ubiquity”. At the same time, it had undergone several times of translation evolution and determination of terms like “琥珀气(amber gas)” “雷气 (thunder gas)” “阴阳气(air of Yin and Yang)” “电气(lightning gas) ”, and the term “电气” had the greatest impact. In this process, it was also found that in ancient Chinese, “电(dian)” had the tendencies of exploring the causes and origins of “sky lightning” as a natural phenomenon. Only after the introduction of electricity, the meaning of “电” in ancient China was gradually expanded until it was replaced by the western connotation represented by electricity.

Modern scientific research is becoming more and more specific, and changing more and more frequently. It is difficult to follow research trends and the progresses of frontier fields. This paper attempts to quantitatively trace the development of subjects by analyzing term frequency of scientific journal papers. We use the Automatic Extraction of Astronomical English Terms System to extract terminology from the full text of astronomical preprint papers published in the past 20 years, and to analyze the occurrence frequency of terms related to dark energy in the cosmology field. By investigating the correlation between the trends of these words over time and the dynamics of disciplinary research, we understand how scientific discoveries and hot-spots affect professional researches. Not only could it provides an objective quantitative method for the research progress and trend analysis, but also plays as a reference for research evaluation and scientific policy design in China.

This paper devotes to the naming process of the novel coronavirus pneumonia from the perspective of terminology. Terminology and nomenclature are two functional subsystems of scientific language. Nomen, as a part of nomenclature, can be absorbed into the corresponding concept system with the help of terms or generic concept names. It is important to find the position of the referred concept in the concept field, launch interdisciplinary and cross-lingual co-ordinations, and avoid the use of non-neutral words. Several new nomens will be unified after they almost simultaneously entered scientific language and ordinary language. The unification of scientific names is difficult to change the fact that novel coronavirus pneumonia has been accepted by the public as a new linguistic form.

The process by which ordinary words evolve into technical terms is remarkable, and every subject field pays close attention to the development and evolution of its own terms. In the field of Chinese exegetics, how the exegetical terms come from the general terms is also remarkable. Taking the commonly used exegetical terms as an example, through the methods of literature review, quantitative, qualitative and statistical induction, this paper studies the terminological process and evolution law of these exegetical terms, it can not only solve the divergence of terminology standard, connotation and function analysis of exegetical terms, but also help to explore the process of terminology and general evolution of common terms.

This article focuses on the study of word embedding, a feature-learning technique in natural language processing that maps words or phrases to low-dimensional vectors. Beginning with the linguistic theories concerning contextual similarities — “distributional hypothesis” and “context of situation”, this article introduces two ways of numerical representation of text: one-hot and distributed representation. In addition, this article presents statistical-based language models (such as co-occurrence matrix and singular value decomposition) as well as neural network language models (NNLM, such as continuous bag-of-words and skip-gram). This article also analyzes how word embedding can be applied to the study of word-sense disambiguation and diachronic linguistics.

The cognitive theory of “Frame-based Terminology” is the most representative theory of Professor Pamela Faber Benítez, a famous American/Spanish linguist. Based on the concept system and starting from the semantic analysis and corpus analysis, Professor Faber took the medical terminology glossaries of NATO as an example for rebuilding a frame-based terminology management system, and the concept analysis results have been verified by the military medical experts in this subject field. In order to better reflect the typical knowledge and its related context in this domain, the entire terminology management model is built based on the “Frame-based Terminology”.

Terminology management is an important part of the modern translator competence system. The book A Practitioner’s Guide to Terminology Management, based on the industry model of terminology management practices in language service industry, analyses the concepts, team, workflows and technology of terminology management, with a view to spreading the knowledge and promoting terminology management competence. The present paper sketches the main contents, maps out the characteristics of the book and discusses the academic significances and practical values in relation to the research and teaching of terminology management in China.

The translation of legal terms is one of the most difficult problems in legal translation. It involves legal cultures and specific legal concepts as well as source and target language. Criminal charges are typical legal terms. In order to translate these terms more accurately, we suggest some strategies on translating criminal charges based on relevant translation theory, principles of criminal laws and specific components of crimes.