Frame-based terminology (FBT) reflects and criticizes general terminology theory, and marks one of the latest developments of descriptive terminology. This paper describes the three tot topics in the research of FBT: the event-based organization of concepts that makes it possible to discuss the syntactic and combinatorial features of terms in terminology; the multidimensionality of concepts that highlights the role of contextual factors in conceptual representation; the bottom-up approach with specialized corpora as the main source for knowledge extraction.

Terminology is about naming, managing, translating, and teaching the terms in a specialized field, and what follows is about the construction of terminology bank. Due to the cognitive shift, modern terminology witnesses the departure between prescriptive theory and descriptive theory. By contrasting the two theories, we found that there lies the gap of naming ideas involved, such as univocity or multidimensionality when it comes to designation, clarity or metonymicness to motivation, and consistency or variability to performance. We think that the two naming views supplement each other in terminological practice although endowed with different emphasis in theory.

Motivation typologies of linguistic terminology consist of four types which can be further divided into 14 sub-types. The first type, using existent language resources as terminologies includes the use of everyday words as terminologies, metaphorizing everyday words and the use of loan words as terminologies. The second type, innovation based on existent language resources, which includes the usual derivation, analogical derivation, compounding, shortening and back-formation. The third type is inventing novel terminologies, which involves the use of variables and numerals, and imitating. The fourth type is unusual terminological innovation including the use of people’s names, inventing-delivering-and-reinventing terminologies, erroneous transformation of words into terms.

The language of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is based on metaphor, and metaphorization in TCM terms is very common, which reflects TCM cognitive system. This paper focuses on the choices of translating the name (symbolic meaning) or the nature (conceptual meaning) of TCM metaphorical terms from the aspects of theory and practice, and attempts to analyze the reasons and influences. Our conclusion indicates that combination of name (symbolic meaning) and nature (conceptual meaning) is a compromise as well as a better way to preserve the cultural image of TCM and to convey the conceptual meaning, which is helpful to promote TCM terminology and to spread TCM culture into the outside world.

Terminology is the core and soul of a discipline theory and the core element of diplomatic communication and dissemination. Over the past two decades, remarkable achievements have been made in the study of translation of terms from traditional disciplines in China. Both theoretical research and applied research show a trend of diversification of theories, individualization of perspectives, diversification of methods, enlargement of scope, and deep interpretation and dissemination of cultural connotations. However, there are still some problems in the current research. In the future, we should further improve the systematicness of translation ontology research, pay attention to the integration of translation norms and translation methods, break through the limitations of translation subjects, and promote the external communication of traditional disciplines in China.

We select the English medical loanwords of Manual of Different Scientific Terms in Mainland and Taiwan Region, through the induction and analysis of the medical loanwords of cross-straits, and using the variation theory of sociolinguistics, to study the variation phenomenon of the foreign words. Based on combining the normative principles of terminology, we analyze and evaluate the causes of the variation, so as to facilitate the communication of cross-straits in culture, science.

Translation of technical documents plays an integral part in the globalization of enterprises, thus being an important business of language service industry. The translation quality depends to a large extent on translators’ command of domain knowledge. Ontology-based terminology knowledge base can present a formal description of concepts and their relations, forming a well-structured knowledge map, which can serve as a great help for translators. Taking cloud computing in the domain of information and communication technology as a demo, we explore the construction of bilingual terminological knowledge base in terms of the constructing model, principles, processes and methods, etc. and set up a bilingual terminology knowledge base for cloud computing. This bilingual terminology knowledge base can serve language service providers, facilitate the cross-cultural business, and shed light on the construction and research of bilingual terminological knowledge base for other vertical fields.

Incoterms is the most influential international practice in interpreting trade terms in the world. The latest edition of Incoterms 2020 which was officially implemented on January 1, 2020, will have a significant impact on world commodity import and export trade. This paper analyzes the new changes of the 2020 edition on the basis of comparing the 2020 edition with the 2010 edition. Combining with China’s import and export business practice, we analyze the possible impact of the implementation of Incoterms 2020 on China’s foreign trade, and discuss general principles which should be concerned from the perspectives of foreign trade enterprises, colleges and universities.

Terminology is the basic element and significant feature of scientific literatures. Photosynthesis research field contains quantity of scientific terms. In this study, the scientific terms in highly cited papers and hot papers published in the field of photosynthesis in the last three years in the core collection of Web of Science were taken as objects, and VOSviewer software was used as the main tool to carry out bibliometric and visual analysis. Our results show that photosynthesis researches mainly focus on three directions: “the mechanism of natural photosynthesis”, “photosynthesis and climate change”, “the application and development of artificial photosynthesis”. Photocatalysts have become the forefront of photosynthesis research in recent years. The data-driven analysis of scientific terms can better reveal and verify the dynamic development and evolution of subjects.

This paper uses high frequency terminology analysis method to take 217 literature records of eye tracking learning research published in the SSCI journals from 2009 to 2019 as data sources, and uses the knowledge graph analysis software called CiteSpace to visually analyze the data sources. According to the clustering situation of keywords and terms, this paper explores the research hotspots in the field of eye tracking technology from the perspectives of “reading comprehension”, “language acquisition”, “multimedia application”, and “information behavior”, and predicts the trends of hot terms in future research.

With the advances made in China Terminology as both theoretical exploration and discipline construction, the issue of China Terminology has attracted more attention from the academia. The identification of problem domain is very important for the further development of China Terminology. This paper attempts to clarify the concept of Chinese Terminology and identifies its problem domain from the theoretical perspective, which may possibly help with the construction of China Terminology in the future.

On the basis of the methodologies of Frequency, Context and Corpus Contrast originated outside China and by using a linguistic corpus of over 560 000 words, we put forward a four-step glossary building method and summarized a total of 359 English linguistic terms. This research is the first attempt in English linguistic glossary building while its innovation in research methodology benefits other disciplines in terminology research and glossary building.

Scientific terminology uses specific words to represent certain scientific concepts. The extraction of scientific terminology is an important part of the automatic processing of scientific terminology, and it is of great significance for the following tasks such as machine translation, information retrieval, and questions and answers. The traditional extraction of scientific terminology consumes a lot of manpower cost, and an automatic method for extracting scientific terminology is transforming terminology extraction into tagging problem and training out the tagging model through supervised learning methods, while the lack of annotated large-scale scientific terminology corpus is the problem. This paper introduces the method of distant supervision to generate large-scale annotated training corpus, and proposes Bi-LSTM model architecture based on Self-attention mechanism for the purpose of improving the extraction results of scientific terminology. We found that the ability of discovering new scientific terminology about our new model is far superior to the traditional machine learning model (CRF).

The structural analysis of domain knowledge of terminological is a fundamental organ of the interdisciplinary and cognitive scheme in terminology studies. An elementary knowledge unit can be represented as the combination of two concepts and the logical relation between them, or the combination of a concept, its attribute and the attribute value. This structural method stimulates the transformation of knowledge cognition from the abstract stuff into tangible entity capable of being obtained, formatted and used. In addition, it also serves as an essential theoretical basis in the development of efficient knowledge dissemination channel, multilingual terminological knowledge base, and knowledge-oriented teaching platform.

The COVID-19 pandemic around the globe made us acutely aware of the importance of emergency language services in public health emergencies. Terminology support provided in the form of word list development and terminology management is an important way of emergency language services, which ensures accurate and smooth communication. In order to help prevent and control the pandemic from the perspective of emergency language services, 364 single-word terms and 176 multi-word terms of COVID-19 are extracted from the COVID-19 corpus using the corpus tool of Sketch Engine. From the practice of producing this word list, we summarize a procedure of academic word list development and point out future directions for academic word list making and research in the hope of providing reference for terminology support in emergency language services.

Chinese medicine often uses natural language to describe the symptoms of the disease, which leads to inconsistent naming of the symptoms and affects the results of data mining analysis and clinical efficacy evaluation. Based on the diagnosis and treatment data of clinical special diseases of a famous Chinese medicine practitioner, this study explored on how to standardize the terminology in clinical diagnosis and treatment data. From the perspective of semantic analysis of standardization symptoms terms, we introduced the concept of the term properties and the relationships between terms in the process of establishing the preferred terms, and solved the problem of multi-word meaning and polysemy between symptoms. Also, we sorted out the disease diagnosis terms according to the ICD-11 Chinese version, standardized the names of traditional Chinese medicines according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and sorted the curative effect evaluation terms according to “cure”, “improvement”, and “unhealed”. We finally obtained 558 symptom terms, among which 164 were preferred terms, and obtained 394 synonymous terms, 23 diagnosis terms, 21 terms of efficacy evaluation. The standardized data can be used for data mining analysis.

This paper aims to explore the metaphorical processing in translating terminology for mechanical engineering, from an embodied cognition perspective. Our findings are helpful to the translation theory and practice of scientific and technological terms.

Terminology work has been regarded as an important part of conference preparation by both professional interpreters and interpreting teachers. With the technological development in the 21st century, terminology management in interpreting mode gained more attention and discussion. Based on a detailed literature review, this paper first clarified relevant concepts including term, terminology management, and use of terminology in interpreting mode. We also reviewed the previous empirical studies which have investigated into tools for terminology work, methods used in terminology work, terminology work process and the influence of terminology work on interpreting performance. Based on pointing out the success and limitations of previous studies, we propose future research directions in terminology management.

Military terms are words used by the military in combat, training, and other operations. It is the standardized language used to ensure smooth communication, mutual understanding and joint operations and facilitate the military forces to improve operational effectiveness. This paper briefly introduces Department of Defense Terminology Program in terms of its purpose, tasks, policy and products, then summaries the main characteristics of DoD standardization of military and associated terminology. We hope to draw some references for PLA’s standardization of military terminology.

Concept system building and terminology work is the foundation for standards making. Terminology work faces grand challenges when its development across multi-discipline and multi-domain. This paper describes the empirical processes of concept system building and terminology work of ITU-T FG-DPM, and introduces a multi-dimensional standards cooperation approach for building a single and unified DPM concept system to facilitate consistency of common understanding about DPM across different working groups and projects. This research has many implications to concept system building and terminology work across multi-discipline and multi-domain, not limited to IoT, smart cities and communities.

Terrestrial heat flow is an important term in Geothermics and Geophysics, which is frequently used in the Geo-periodicals. The synonyms include heat flow, heat flow density, heat flux and surface heat flow. This paper introduces in detail the definition of the terrestrial heat flow, the corresponding problems in its application, as well as the considerations and choices during the defining of the related terms in the second revision of Geophysical Terms.

At the 7th International Geomorphology Congress in 2009, IAG Danxia geomorphology working group was proposed by the president of the Congress and approved by the International Association of Geomorphologists. In 2010, the 34th World Heritage Conference “China Danxia” successfully applied for the world heritage. These two events marked that China’s native Danxia landform went to the world and stepped on the international academic stage. However, the original definition of Danxia landform is lack of professional and normative scientific expression, which leads to improper cognitive misunderstanding, and leads to many disputes in the later study of Danxia landform and the inability of global comparison and exchange. Based on analyzing the professional defects of the definition of Danxia landform and the expression terms easy to be misunderstood, removing the false from the original definition by using the scientific abstract method and cognitive roadmap, extracting the essential characteristics and rules of Danxia landform by the procedure of “separation purification brevity”, we put forward a scientific definition of Danxia landform that is suitable for global comparison: water erosion is the main factor, while water erosion is the main factor under the combined action of external forces such as collapse, weathering and dissolution, the red bed landform is characterized by the combination of steep slopes.

This paper focuses on the recent developments in international medical terminologies, and aims to provide useful reference for the development of medical terminologies in China. We selected five well-known international medical terminologies to investigate terms of the developing goals, essential components and major applications. Our results indicate that these terminologies have beneficial features of persistent updating, specific developing goals, open access, and rich semantic knowledge. We think the international medical terminologies can offer creatives and comprehensive insights into the standardization of medical terminologies in China.

Semantic knowledge base plays an important role in many areas of natural language processing. Existing semantic knowledge bases are produced mainly for common sense knowledge, and there is few semantic knowledge base for specific domains. This paper extends the theory and concept representation method of HowNet to the aviation domain, proposes a semantic knowledge base for aviation terms, ATHowNet, and describe the process of constructing it. This knowledge base contains 3700 concepts, 3959 relations and 3864 terms. ATHowNet is applied and verified in the task of aviation term similarity calculation and word analogy. The results show that ATHowNet is effective in aviation domain concept description and reasoning based on concept relationship.

Based on comparing the update of the entries in the five editions of the Dictionary of Military and Related Terms published by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the past 3 years, and from the perspective of social terminology and the publication of relevant regulations, we analyze the reasons behind the update of terms related to electronic warfare, cyber warfare, space warfare, theater army and withdrawal operations. Moreover, we put forward that the change of military terminology reflects the update of knowledge in a particular military field, and discuss the important enlightenment given to our army by studying the US military dictionary.

Cognitive terminologists believe that concepts are the nodes of domain knowledge originated from the categorization of objects in thoughts, and the cognition of professional domain knowledge is the systematic connection between concepts and conceptual relations. Based on some kernel methodological principles of cognitive terminology, this article justifies the translational process as translators’ cognitive activities constantly cycling among thoughts, realities and signs, so as to verify the essentiality of domain knowledge in translators’ knowledge system and the advantages of multimodal media in upgrading the accuracy of conceptual cognition and the integrity of relational cognition. Therefore, relevant knowledge-resource patterns, like ontological knowledge bases, three-dimensional knowledge graphs and domain-specific technical communication platforms are supposed to be introduced or developed to meet translators’ demand for efficient knowledge acquisition.

Symbolic partialization is an important means to construct term motivation in term translation. Translators establish conceptual correspondence through symbolic correspondence and uses short form of meaning to arouse the cognitive subject’s perception of conceptual meaning, so as to construct term motivation. The short form of meaning should not only highlight the essential characteristics of the concept, but also take into account the systematicness of the concept. In practice, the problem of false correspondence of symbols should also be avoided.

Terminology translation is of great importance during the interpreting process, but the current researches on terminology translation focus more on translation or fragmental interpreting. Considering the interpreting as a whole process, this paper puts forward various skills with case analysis based on different interpreting stages and summarizes them as the “PLLABS” terminology interpreting method. We hope these skills would be helpful for interpreters to overcome the terminology interpreting bottleneck successfully in the future.

Russian is one of the working languages of the United Nations and the official language of many countries including Russia. With the advancement of the Belt and Road Initiative and the acceleration of globalization, Russian text data has become an important information resource for managerial decision-making of related organizations and Russian text mining has thus become a significant decision-making method. However, Russian text mining methods are still far away from being mature, especially the essential Russian text term extraction method, which affects the accuracy of Russian text modeling. This paper proposes a Russian text term extraction method, which combines multi strategies including Russian POS analysis, grammatical rules and string frequency statistics to automatically extract Russian words and multiword expressions. Experiments on the United Nations Parallel Corpus and the Taiga Corpus show that the proposed method achieves a high accuracy of approximate 85% which is much higher than normal recall rate, such as the n-gram method. The proposed method can be used to create lexicons for Russian text mining applications such as text topic discovery, text classification, and text clustering.

The study of Spanish translation of TCM terminology is based on the exploration of the international communication of TCM and Chinese culture, which aims to improve the quality of the Spanish translation on TCM terminology and promote the communication of TCM culture. International Standard Chinese-Spanish Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine is an authorized reference book on Spanish translation of TCM terms. Based on terminology theory, we comprehensively analyze this book and discuss the current situation, problems and difficulties of Spanish translation of TCM terms. In order to improve the multilingual information of TCM terms and the quality of TCM term translation, we propose to use corpus model of multilingual translation terms in European Union as reference for the establishment of a multilingual corpus on TCM terms.

The name of traditional Chinese medicine is not only the symbolic representation of traditional Chinese medicine, but also the cognitive starting point for the outside world to understand traditional Chinese medicine, as well as the mental entrance for the outside world to understand the excellent traditional Chinese culture and the experience and cognition of Chinese people. This paper explains the empirical and cognitive nature of Chinese medicine metonymic naming from the perspective of Embodied-Cognitive Terminology. Our study indicates that the experiential nature of Chinese medicine metonymy naming is embodied in the fact that the naming process depends on the experience system of the nomenclature. The cognitive nature of Chinese medicine metonymy naming is embodied in the naming process which is a subjective cognitive process. When naming things with significant Chinese characteristics, we should make the names of such things show the profound spiritual and cultural accumulation of the country and highlight the charm of the splendid and dazzling traditional culture of five thousand years. Moreover, in addition to emphasizing the cultural nature of naming, we should also pursue the conventions of naming, and actively promote the two aspects to reach an organic balance.

In recent years, Chinese terminology cause has made obvious progress, and certain achievements have been made in the publication of related results, the development of terminology work, the establishment of scientific research projects, and the training of talents. At the same time, there are insufficient communication of domestic and foreign terminology information, lack of systematic and comprehensive research on the development of Chinese and foreign terminology causes, influential force of research teams, and the ability of terminology causes to promote national economic and social development needs to be improved. In order to improve the status of terminology and to promote the development of terminology industry, we think it is essential to integrate the development of Chinese terminology business with national policies and international development, as well as scientific research and market demand.

Due to the diversified needs of terminological information, new requirements are put forward for the sources of terminological data, and specialized corpora play an increasingly important role in the compilation of terminological knowledge bases. Using meteorology as an example and making a comparison with general corpora, this paper discusses how to design a special corpus for term knowledge base compilation from the following four aspects: corpus classification, text size, text selection, and text processing.

This paper introduces EcoLexicon, a terminology knowledge base on environmental science, and offers some tips for terminology research and the construction of terminology knowledge base. By consulting relevant documents and materials, we analyze the main functions and application of EcoLexicon with a focus on its theoretical background and structural framework. Four characteristics of EcoLexicon are drawn from multilanguage, specialized domain, visualization, and interoperability.

The research on translation learners’ competence in translation teaching research is an unexplored area. Based on combination of translation competence and terminology translation theories, this study investigated the terminology translation competence of 153 undergraduates majoring in Spanish at four universities in China. The involved survey aimed to clarify the components of terminological competence in Spanish-Chinese bilateral translation practice among Spanish major undergraduates. Quantitative and qualitative analysis show that: (1) Instead to their remarkable terminology processing and recognition ability, the respondents exhibit low capability in using terminological tools and terminology management, which significantly influence the final translation quality;(2) Insufficient terminology processing often leads to more discourse errors in Spanish-Chinese translations; (3) lack of terminological knowledge and/or terminological sensitivity lead to terminological processing deficiency. Our results enlighten that in order to improve the quality of scientific and technical translation, instructors can strengthen the students’ terminological tools management, and also, should introduce more scientific and technical knowledge.

Marshal LIU Bocheng was not only a theoretical and practical pioneer in PLA military terms, but also an expert translator. He put forward many insightful views in translation theory and made many important contributions in translation practice. LIU Bocheng’s contributions in military terms showed that: military terms translation should be closely combined with the practical demands of PLA warfighting and building, firmly keep to the correct political orientation, and always adhere to the quality requirements of preciseness and conscientiousness.

Deepening the reform of national defense and the armed forces is a magnificent new military revolution with Chinese characteristics and also has a wide and profound influence on the evolution of military concept and its referential form. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the denominating of new military terms, such as the identification of elements, the law of word length inversion, the definition of abbreviation, the summarizing in numbers, and the precision of reference focusing on the morphological changes of military terms.

The name and connotation of the legal term “personal information” in The Civil Code of PRC can be clarified only after a comparative study of the Chinese synonymous terms “personal xinxi”, “personal shuju” and “personal ziliao”, all meaning personal information or personal data. The connotation of “personal information” can be found in its various definitions in corresponding legislative texts, so it is necessary to analyze attributes of personal information right and interest, the structure and components of its definitions, and the content of subject rights of personal information. As for the interchangeable use of personal xinxi/shuju/ziliao in dictionaries, legislative texts as well as Chinese legal works and journal papers, it can be found that xinxi/shuju/ziliao are used according to certain rules in The Civil Code, and there is little confusion among definitions of xinxi/shuju/ziliao in popular Chinese dictionaries. Personal xinxi/shuju/ziliao are not often interchangeably used but applied according to some rules in legislative texts of China. Much confusion, however, has resulted from the interchangeable use of personal xinxi/shuju/ziliao in Chinese legal works and journal papers. This paper puts forward that there are three major reasons leading to such confusion, and suggests rules guiding the use of personal xinxi/shuju/ziliao in Chinese legislative texts as guiding principles for selecting personal information related terms in local legislation in China and citation of overseas laws by scholars in China.

The application of standard respiratory disease terms constructed by China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies was investigated in this research. The usage frequency of standard disease and symptom terms of respiratory disease is much higher than synonymous of standard terms. Overall, the standard terms could not descript practical clinical problems completely in electronic health record as of the diversity of medical concepts. Otherwise, standard terms collected by Terms of Respiratory Disease also could not cover all synonymous in electronic health record. Thus, the continuous development is necessary to expand the coverage of respiratory disease terms in real world applications.