Based on the sub-term base of economics in NUTERM, this paper sorts and analyzes the Chinese terminological system of core economic terms and its corresponding translated English system, describes their formational features and characteristics of translation strategies, computes and compares economic indexes of terms in the two systems, and discusses how the translation process affects the formational features.

The vague boundary between word and phrase could be understood in two senses: a given expression is neither a typical word nor a typical phrase and there is a “gap” occurred; during the development of language, mutual transition between words and phrases happen and the crossing-borderline is not obvious. Structurally, words, particularly compound words, and phrases share similarity with concept, both with core components and periphery components, and also with different performances. The status of an expression could be defined through the analysis of the three functions of concept: categorization, inference and conceptual combination.

It is a new research perspective to study and analyze terms and sets of terms based on conceptual systems and their construction. This paper discusses three fundamental problems related to conceptual systems and the construction. Starting with relationships among terms, concepts and definitions, it clarifies logical connections of these three aspects to further analyze the meanings and roles for constructing the conceptual systems. Moreover, by terminologically exemplifying “lexicology”, it graphically presents the concept of this term.

Based on analyzing the miscellaneous, ill-defined, staggered phenomenon in oil industry standard terms, we categorized terms related with exploration & development, combed out terms which were definition repeat, inaccurate and expression conflicted with each other. We also gave some suggestions for the future work on terms, especially the compile of terminology standards.

The four-volume English and Chinese Dictionary with the Punti and Mandarin Pronunciation, compiled by German missionary Wilhelm Lobscheid, played a very important role in the history of English-Chinese lexicography. The dictionary, written on the basis of Lobscheid’s predecessors such as Robert Morrison, Samuel Wells Williams and Walter Henry Medhurst, exerted far-reaching influences upon English-Chinese dictionaries published in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and those early bilingual dictionaries published by the Commercial Press in particular. It has been widely recognized for wider coverage of the English vocabulary, abundant illustrative examples and better translations. And Lobscheid’s effort in including more technical terms and providing better translations is rather commendable. This paper attempts to offer an in-depth discussion on those technical terms included by Lobscheid from two angles, namely the distribution of terms across disciplines and their translation.

Synonymous phenomenon is a hot topic in terms field over long period,and also a fully realistic, contentious question. Synonymous phenomenon is a semantic relation built on the base of same specialized concept that is expressed by different term units. Based on analysis and description of synonym-terms(Russian and English mainly) in different fields of medical, classification of synonymous and identification characters of medical terms, we found that relevant information for certain terms, which are used under condition of functional terminological system, are temporarily lacking in modern bilingual medical dictionary. Therefore, synonymous terms in bilingual dictionary should be labeled by correlated information, thus help users to select most suitable terms in a certain medical field.

Energy text is of EST (English for science and technology) genre, involving the introduction to various forms of energies, developing technology, current features and future trends. There are many technical terms in energy text. Understanding and translating technical terms is the key to genuinely represent the meaning of source text. Technical terms can be divided into three types including exclusive technical terms, new-created technical terms and normal words with technical meaning. Based on the conceptions and features of these three types, this article elaborates the significance of parallel text in the translation of technical terms.

Security agreement is often translated as “danbao xieyi”, which includes secured transaction on both personal property and real estate. But in Uniform Commercial Code, security agreement is applied to a smaller scope than that of “danbao xieyi” in Chinese law. This paper endeavors to discuss how to appropriately translate “security agreement” into Chinese via detailed analyses on its meaning in different backgrounds.

People usually take it for granted that the translated versions of scientific terms must retain their corresponding forms in the field of science and technology. In a concrete context, however, things may turn out to be just the opposite rather than adopt the rule prescribed above, namely, the metaphorical meaning or the vehicle is often translated rather than the semantic meaning or the tenor. We intend to explore the metaphor in the translation of scientific terms, kicking over the traces of the conventional mindset of the translation method of such terms, so as to set off the characteristic effects of scientific terms by contrast in the source language for cultural exchanges.

Organometallic chemistry is nowadays a well-developed branch of chemistry. However, the term “organometallic”has been translated into Chinese in two different ways which are parallel used by Chinese chemists. This article aims to explain which Chinese version should be the proper one based on an examination of the origin as well as a thorough analysis of the word “organometallic”.

This paper briefly introduces the history of development and cultivation of “manju” (C.tardiferax Hort.ex Tanaka) in Huangyan, Zhejiang province. As a citrus variety, it has been affirmed by horticulturists and citrus experts in China and abroad. However, the character“man” in“manju”has not been properly known, so this paper tries to rectify it.

In order to edit the bioinformatics manuscripts accurately, we analyzed errors in application of the nouns both different and related in bioinformatics used in scientific journals. Our results showed that there were many errors even ambiguity in description of the basic terms in bioinformatics articles in scientific journals, including gene, protein, nucleotide sequence, amino acid sequence, homology, and phylogenetic relationship. Also, analysis of incorrect expression of some gene and protein symbols revealed that some gene symbols were not expressed by an italic type, especially the primers named with the gene or the recombinant plasmids, although the gene symbols had been expressed in italics in 90% scientific journals to show the differences between gene and protein. The findings can provide reference for journal editors to understand of the meaning and correct expression of some basic terms in biotechnological articles.

“Populism”is a relative concept with“elitism”.Many social fields have emerged populist thinking and practice, but its concept is fuzzy. The People’s Party movement in the United States and the Russian populists practice is the classic image of populist discourse. From the perspective of evaluation, populism is a thinking and practice which is grass-roots or populist civilian value oriented and is rich in emotional and critical. The core of populism as following: first, it advocates the “mass” as the center, and pursues the “people first”;second, its ideological system is constructed from the perspective of “elite”;third, it is a paradox.

When referring to the term“concrete”, the use of “hunningtu(混凝土)” and “tong(砼)”often occurs in the same paragraph. In fact, the gradual acquisition of the legal status of “tong(砼)” and existing as a standard word, have experienced decades of development. In the 1950s, experts made “tong(砼)”,meaning “hunningtu(混凝土)”,in the hope to replace “hunningtu(混凝土)”in long term use. Since then, “tong(砼)” has gradually gained legal status, become a standard word. However, the use of “hunningtu(混凝土)”still occupies an absolutely dominant position, and there is no trend of replaced by“tong(砼)”.

The hippopotamus is a large, mostly herbivorous mammal in sub-Saharan Africa. As a Japanese loanword, hema(hippopotamus)has been used since the 1830s to describe these mammals. The term was first introduced in publications in 1838 when hema appeared in the text in Eastern Western Monthly Magazine(the inaugural modern-age Chinese language magazine).The Japanese word kaba(河馬,かば)comes from the Dutch nijlpaard.

“Jixue”, a term by Yan Fu to translate “economics” in Adam Smith’s An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, witnessed the conceptual transformation of “economics” in modern China. Nevertheless, “jingji”, a term which can be traced back to ancient China, was reintroduced from Japan to China in the late 19th century and has been dominating economic discourse since then. Language, as one of the expressive systems to impart knowledge and information, could bridge the gap between ontology and its objects. Ontologies are commonly defined as specifications of shared conceptualizations and one of its applied sides is the specification of shared conceptualization in certain domain. Terms (as the basic expressive units of knowledge and thoughts in certain domain) are supposed to comply with the certain requirements considering the specific features of terms in social science. The exploration of uniformity and compatibility of “jingji” and term translation in modern China can be perceived from a) the absorption, integration and transformation of concept, b) the selective realization of native linguistic resources and lexicalization of term translated and c) communication and effectiveness of terms translated.

The construction of data resources of bilingual parallel corpora is the front end of language engineering, and contains a large number of terms and language translation knowledge. Full use of bilingual corpora for further research and development is of great significance to terminology translation. This article discusses the deep processing flow of parallel corpora and automatic processing of Chinese corpus annotation. Using the grammar symbol language, the grammar image of the text is set up, and the phrase chunk library is generated. According to the rules of phrase structure, the term translation chunk is automatically extracted by the method of artificial intelligence, and the lexicon and thesaurus of term chunks are automatically generated. Moreover, some examples of the application of terminology block query and examples of reverse tracing bilingual examples are listed.

Prof. Frieda Steurs, head of the ISO/TC 37 standardization committee for Flanders, and Prof. Gabriele Sauberer, director of TermNet of Netherlands, co-wrote a conference paper in 2016. This article here aims to introduce the main ideas in the above-mentioned paper co-authored by the two respectable professors, i.e. terminology management can have an important impact on the safety and security issues in industry and engineering environments, as a consequence on the liabilities of products and services. And key aspects are terminology management, quality assurance in technical documentation, standards and training and qualification of professionals. Whenever an organization tackles one or two or all three of these aspects, it would have an impact on the other aspects or the entire quality system.

Terminology translation is the terminology cross-cultural corresponding, which is attached to concept cross-cultural corresponding. Problems of terminology translation mainly located on (1) the concept cross-cultural corresponding and (2) the terminology naming in target language. Based on the three categories (1) terminology translation for corresponding concepts, (2) terminology translation for the derivative concepts of corresponding concepts, and (3) terminology translation for new concepts, we analyzed the problems of “image motivation” in terminology translation using the concept of family resemblance concept, and discussed how to resolve these problems based on two types of terminology translation (“concept identifying + terminology corresponding” and “concept introducing+ terminology naming”).

Being one of the frequently occured verbs among traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)terms, it has many different English translations in different dictionaries. Taking “zhitong” as an example, this paper explores different translations of “zhi” from the perspective of collocation by using the Corpus of Contemporary American English. The accuracy of different translations has been discussed in order to provide an empirical evidence for the recommended verb translations. Two parameters, frequencies and mutual information, are applied to select the best translations of “zhi”.

“标识” in modern Chinese has the dual identity of terms and common words, this paper introduces their classifications, definitions and usages based on case analysis. The term “标识” is not a heterograph of “标识”, they are used in some parts of the intersection, and should be carefully identified while used. We suggest to strengthen the coordination of standardization between general norms and terms, and pay close attention to the influence of terms on common words.

At present, the biological-psychology-social medical model has become the frontier of research in China and abroad, and many scholars have extended their antennae to the field of psychology, in which “personality” is the most important part. In western, psychology research starts early, develops rapidly, and derives various theories. Although Chinese medicine has a long history and rich theories on “personality”, it is easy to confuse the concepts of this term. Based on the definition and expression of “personality” in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), we discussed the connotation of “personality” and provided some thoughts on the standardized use for this term in TCM.

The arrangement and standardization of terminology is an important issue to be considered in compiling dictionaries. Systematic issue is one of the important principles in terminology work. The practice of terminology work includes collecting terms, naming terms and defining terms etc. Through studying the systematic principle of terms, we can find and solve some term problems existed in aeronautics and astronautics, and the systematic principle can be applied in the compilation of dictionary in mainland and Taiwan region. We think terms systematic principle can be analyzed mainly in four respects: the choice of terms, concepts of terms, term itself, and definition of terms.

By examining the meteorological & non-meteorological characters under the radical “yu”(雨) in Volume 1 of the famous textbook—Chengzhong Mengxuetang Zike Tushuo(《澄衷蒙学堂字课图说》), which was used between the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, we point out that some common words qualified modern terminology, and there exists regular differentiation in the case of forming the modern terminology due to different word classes.

Precision medicine is a new type of medical concept and medical model sprung up in recent years. Its name is diversified. This article compares the differences between the different names (such as personalized medicine, precision medicine) from the development of its history and the different meaning of each name, and recommends “precision medicine” as the standardized, unified term.

It is previously believed that the term “comparative grammatology” was raised by Lin Zhuyu in 1937. Actually Hu Shi had already put it forward when he drafted Outline of Curriculum Criterion of New Educational System: The Outline of Compulsory Chinese Course for the First Group of Senior High School in 1923. Then He Changqun picked up the term in 1928 when he translated The History of the Alphabet. After that, Lin Zhuyu in his book A Brief Introduction to Comparative Grammatology referred to the term by He Changqun. Although Lin Zhuyu is not the earliest scholar to put forward the term, he is the first one to elaborate term’s connotation.

An isthmus is a narrow piece of land connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water. The Chinese name for isthmus was firstly expressed as “weidi”(微地), then as “xia”(峡), “weilu”(微路), “tuyao”(土腰), “tujing”(土颈), “xibo”(细脖) and so on, and finally as “dixia”(地峡). As a Japanese loanword, “dixia”(地峡) was firstly recorded in Yao Wendong’s translation Riben Dilibingyao (Military Geography of Japan) in Qing Dynasty, and afterward “dixia” became the Chinese standard term in geography.

The standardization of terminology has a profound historical basis and realistic needs, and is a basic systematic project that supports scientific innovation and economic development. With the socialism with Chinese characteristics entering a new era, we must deeply understand the rich content of the “new era”, deepen our understanding of the special significance of standardizing terminology, innovate and carry out various tasks, and better shoulder the historical mission given by the new era.

After decades of practice, the military term compiling work has formed the organizing pattern of gathering strength, tackling key problems through collaboration, and creating high-quality products. This paper illustrates the basic concepts and characteristic ideas, and puts forward several suggests on improving organizing pattern of military terms compiling work in the new system.

More and more scientific terms are required with the swift development of practical work in computer aided translation (CAT), and more formats, faster validation speed, and more convenient application are required. Based on analyzing the situation and problems in scientific terminology management, we suggested various advanced communication methods be adopted to optimize each stage of the validation process and to improve the validation efficiency, so as to satisfy the requirements of rapid response to terminology in various research fields.

This paper elaborates the double natures of defense and offense in terminology. The purpose is to know the defensive and offensive nature of the term and to gain a deep insight into the terminological properties by the metaphor of words as weapons. Based on analyzing term use, we found that the examination of term use can test the defense and offense natures as well as the features of the term. We think that the investigation of the issues involving the natures of term can enrich the theory of terminology.

Term translation is a process to form a new one in the target language, in which correspondent words are selected and conceptual information transmitted, involving the correct understanding and handling of word, concept and culture. The way to express conceptual connotation for equivalence and wording for corresponding lies in the comparison in cultural context and linguistic features, with such effective strategies as conceptual cognition, word choice, as well as various translation methods.